Metodologi al-Jarḥ wa al-Ta’dīl dalam Tradisi Syiah: Analisis Kritis Perspektif Tradisi Sunni

Abstract

The validity of Hadith in Islam relies heavily on chain criticism through the discipline of al-jarḥ wa al-ta’dīl (criticism and praise of narrators). While the basic principles of verification are universally acknowledged, there are fundamental differences between the methodologies of Ahlus Sunnah (Sunni) and Shia, rooted in theological divergences. This article aims to compare the concept of al-jarḥ wa al-ta’dīl in both schools of thought, examining their basic principles, terminology, and implementation in evaluating narrators. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method with a library research approach. The findings indicate that Sunni methodology focuses objectively on the moral integrity (‘adālah) and intellectual capacity (ḍabṭ) of the narrator. In contrast, Shia methodology is heavily influenced by the doctrines of imāmah and ’iṣmah (infallibility), where ideological loyalty to the Ahl al-Bait serves as the primary parameter for validity (ṡiqah). This leads to the Shia rejection of narratives from the majority of the Prophet’s Companions (ṣaḥābah), who are viewed as apostates or political traitors, differing sharply from the Sunni view that deems all ṣaḥābah as just. In conclusion, al-jarḥ wa al-ta’dīl in the Shia tradition functions not only as a scientific verification tool but also as an instrument to preserve the theological identity of the sect.